C++ Tutorial Roadmap

Introduction to C++

Overview of C++

C++ is a powerful, high-performance programming language that supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming. It is widely used for system software, game development, competitive programming, and performance-critical applications.

Features of C++

• Object-oriented programming
• High performance and low-level memory control
• Support for generic programming using templates
• Rich Standard Template Library (STL)
• Backward compatibility with C

Difference Between C and C++

• C is procedural; C++ supports OOP
• C++ provides classes, objects, and templates
• C++ offers stronger type checking and abstractions

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Data Types in C++

Basic Data Types

• int, float, double, char, bool, void

Derived Data Types

• Arrays
• Pointers
• References
• Functions

User-Defined Data Types

• struct
• union
• enum
• class

Type Modifiers

• short, long, signed, unsigned

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Operators in C++

Types of Operators

• Arithmetic operators
• Relational operators
• Logical operators
• Assignment operators
• Bitwise operators

sizeof Operator

• Using sizeof to determine memory size

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Control Structures

Decision Making Statements

• if statement
• if…else statement
• if-else-if ladder
• Nested if
• switch statement

Relational Operators

• Comparison operators used in conditions

Looping Statements

• while loop
• do-while loop
• for loop

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Functions in C++

Functions Overview

• Function declaration and definition

return Statement

• Returning values from functions

Default Arguments

• Using default parameters in functions

Lambda Expressions

• Anonymous functions
• Syntax and use cases

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Arrays in C++

Arrays Overview

• Declaring and initializing arrays

Array Size

• Printing size of array parameters

Array Decay

• Understanding array decay behavior

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Pointers and References

Pointers and References Overview

• Memory addresses and aliases

Pointers in C++

• Pointer declaration and usage

Types of Pointers

• Dangling pointers
• Void pointers
• Null pointers
• Wild pointers

nullptr in C++

• Understanding nullptr vs NULL

References

• Reference variables
• Use cases

Pointers vs References

• Key differences and comparisons

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Strings in C++

String Overview

• C-style strings vs std::string

String Functions

• Common string manipulation functions

Iterators

• Traversing strings using iterators

String Capacity

• Capacity and size-related functions

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Dynamic Memory Management

Dynamic Allocation

• Using new and delete

Comparison

• new vs malloc()
• delete vs free()

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Encapsulation and Abstraction

Encapsulation

• Data hiding using access specifiers

Abstraction

• Hiding implementation details

Encapsulation vs Abstraction

• Key differences and use cases

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Polymorphism

Types of Polymorphism

• Compile-time polymorphism
• Runtime polymorphism

Virtual Functions

• Concept of virtual functions

Virtual Functions in Derived Classes

• Method overriding

Default Arguments and Virtual Functions

• Behavior and pitfalls

Virtual Copy Constructor

• Concept and use cases

Pure Virtual Functions

• Abstract classes

Pure Virtual Destructor

• Implementation details

Static Functions and Virtuality

• Why static functions cannot be virtual

RTTI (Run-Time Type Information)

• dynamic_cast, typeid

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Exception Handling

Exception Handling Overview

• Handling runtime errors

Exception Handling in C++

• try, catch, throw

Stack Unwinding

• Exception propagation

Custom Exceptions

• Creating user-defined exceptions using classes

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Templates in C++

Introduction to Templates

• Function templates
• Class templates

Templates Overview

• Generic programming concepts

Using Keyword

• using vs typedef in templates

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Namespaces in C++

Introduction to Namespaces

• Avoiding name conflicts

Advanced Namespace Concepts

• Extending namespaces
• Unnamed namespaces
• Nested namespaces
• Namespace aliasing

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Advanced C++ Concepts

Standard Template Library (STL)

• Containers
• Iterators
• Algorithms

Smart Pointers

• auto_ptr (deprecated)
• unique_ptr
• shared_ptr
• weak_ptr

this Pointer

• Usage of this keyword

delete this

• Concept and risks

Passing Functions as Parameters

• Function pointers and functors

Signals in C++

• Signal handling concepts